Chapter 4: Succession

Ecosystems are built over time, from the soil up to the top of the tallest trees (and sometimes, the plants that live on top of them). Their creation follows a general path, starting with pioneer species and eventually (over centuries or milennia) reaching a climax of peak efficiency. Unfortunately, they are destroyed much more quickly. In this chapter, the author takes us through the process from start to finish, and points out the critical fact that humanity is, in its current functioning state, interrupting and in some cases reversing ecological succession worldwide.

Reading and Discussion Questions

Answer the following questions in the comments section below after you've finished reading the chapter:

1. ​​Biologists Richard Grigg and James Maragos' coral reef studies in Hawaii revealed several lessons. What were they?
2. What is Ecological Succession and why is it so important to understand?
3. What is your main takeaway from this chapter? What were your favorite points made by the author?

Further Research and Reading

Ecological Succession, Explained

Wikipedia: Ramon Margalef

Wikipedia: Eugene Odum